An abstract (summary) in a publication is a source of information about the content of the article and the research results presented in the article.

The abstract for the article should be:
• informative (not using common words);
• original (excluding loan translation of the Russian-language abstract);
• meaningful (reflecting the article content and research results);
• structured (following the logic of describing results in the article);
• literate (using the proper English language);
• concise (fitting into a volume of 200 to 250 words).

The key aims and objectives of the abstract are as follows:
• The abstract is a brief summary of a larger manuscript of scientific nature;
• The abstract can be published independently separate from the main text and, therefore, its content should be comprehensible without referring to the manuscript;
• According to the abstract of an article, the reader should understand the essence of the study or research;
• Based on the abstract, the reader should determine whether it is worth referring to the full text of the article to obtain more detailed information;
• The abstract to the article is the main source of information in Russian and foreign databases that index the journal;
• The abstract is available on the journal website with public access on the Internet and is indexed by the network search engines;
• The abstract in Russian is the basis for writing the abstract in English;
• The abstract in English is included in the English-language information about the article, which is uploaded to the English-language version of the journal website and delivered for foreign abstract databases and analytical systems (citation indexes). When translating the abstracts, special English terminology should be used.

The following recommendations are made for the structure, content and volume of the abstract:
• The abstract covers the essential facts of the manuscript, it does not exaggerate or contain material that is not included in the main part of the article;
• The structure of the abstract is expected to align with the structure of the article and to include the sections “Relevance and objectives”, “Materials and methods”, “Results”, “Conclusions”;
• The results of the study or research are described as accurately and informatively as possible;
• The major theoretical and practical results obtained during the study or research, factual data, links and patterns are provided with preference to new findings and long-term data, important discoveries, conclusions, as well as data seen to have practical value;
• The conclusions may be accompanied by recommendations, assessments, suggestions, and hypotheses described in the article;
• The date contained in the title of the article should not be presented in the text of the abstract;
• Irrelevant introductory phrases are avoided (for example, “the author of the article is considering...”);
• Historical references, if they do not constitute the main content of the article, description of the previously published manuscripts and well-known provisions are not given in the abstract;
• The text of the abstract uses syntactic constructions typical of the language of scientific publications and avoids complex grammatical constructions;
• The key words from the text of the article are mentioned in the abstract;
• The text of the abstract is concise, clear and free from secondary information, general and insignificant statements;
• The text of the abstract is coherent, separate provisions should logically follow one from the other;
• Acronym and symbols, except for common ones, are used in specific cases, at that their decoding and definition should be given at the first use in the abstract;
• The abstract does not contain links to the publications in the references to the article;
• The volume of the text of the abstract is determined by the content of the article (amount of information, its scientific value and / or practical significance), but should not be less than 200-250 words.

Sample abstract of the article (download)